週報~月刊 ,2022

2022年2月上刊

愛情；雙相情感障礙；Wordle；Corporate-bankrolled campaign hijacked governmental response；Scientists admit their Covid mistakes；How disgust explains everything；電影；People Have Been Having Less Sex；Water in Africa；女性；Food Delivery；latest Edelman trust survey；Face masks make people look more attractive；……

2cold

Feb 14, 2022 22:40 UTC+8 • 33 min read

tips:今期會有相當多嘅英文文章，可以睇睇自己有冇興趣再點入去（冇錯，就係我情人節加班，請問有冇人加雞肶？

既然應該冇人加餐，就嚟幾篇情人節文章先啦（感興趣嘅朋友仔可以睇下我早上寫嘅三行情詩

emm，其實我感覺作者冇解釋到點解愛係唯一，因為我唔認同「在爱发挥效用的时候，它总是唯一的，因为爱是超感性的，而在感性世界里才会有多样性。」

而佢inspire到我嘅地方在於：

「真爱具有这种悖论性关系：它应该在对象那里实现爱情，但又不可能真正实现，所以任何对象只是真爱的象征，并且随时转移到另一个对象身上。因此，唯一能够拥有一个不现实存在对象的方式就是把它看作已经失去的，或者说，拥有不可能的对象的方式就是把不可能转化为被禁止，距离之所以产生美，就是因为它禁止拥有，但恰恰是这个禁止，才使人能以得不到的形式拥有对象。
可以看到，欲望完整地嵌入象征的运作之中。直接来看，象征是基于相似性发挥作用的。试以钢铁象征意志的强硬为例。意志的强硬与钢铁所表现出来的坚硬的相似性是钢铁被用以象征意志的理由。意志是内在的、不明显的，非直观的，需要被表现出来。但强硬这一描述本身已经利用了现实物体的坚硬特性。任何对心灵的内在品质的表述都依赖于它在事物性质上的相似性。在这种类比发挥作用之前，心灵的品质是空的。」^^^難以解釋，靠個人領悟。。

每一對戀人嘅故事都感人，無論平凡or轟烈，無論短暫or長久，無論精神正常or冇咁正常……

兩個人相戀到最後，其實真會靈肉交融，彼此會無可避免地影響到對方

故事中令人難過嘅係，無法共情；愛無法解決呢個問題，噉是否值得繼續，就只能交畀當事人佢哋去選擇

關於雙相症想瞭解更多嘅，可以睇呢篇

Though Wordle is now shared with the world, she said she appreciated that Mr. Wardle originally created it for her.
“It’s really sweet,” she said. “This is definitely how Josh shows his love.”

呢個遊戲的確比較火，粵拼版都有

簡單而得意，一日一題唔會多（六合係進階版，難度較大）

According to a recent scientific simulation, an eight-week stay-at-home order in response to the new surge could save 300,000 lives.

都算老生常談，利益集團使錢去影響政治政策，但呢個代價，大家一定要記住，唔係第一次，亦都唔會係最後一次

第二篇文章係講，科學家都會有判斷錯誤嘅時候。當然，科學進步本來就係不斷「證偽」，只不過，更加要強調嘅一點係，科學理論唔等於科學家嘅觀點，好多錯唔係理論上邊有錯，而係科學家嘅判斷出錯，so，得出觀點唔等於佢就係嚴格推導而嚟，我哋唔單止要關心結論，亦要關心推導嘅過程，噉先做得到獨立思考

結論係，同文化嘅關係唔大，而同制度有相當大嘅關聯性，「必须先有政治变革，接着才会有心态变化。修宪只是一部分努力；更换政府起码同样重要。因为只有一个新政府才能与战后秩序一刀两断，而这一秩序至今仍然受到战时政权的玷污」

「布鲁玛认为，比较战后德国与日本在悔罪问题上的巨大差异，可以从四个不同的政治原因得到解释：一、政体的改变和国民的政治成熟；二、民族主义的影响；三、确认加害者和受害者；四、天皇制度不同于希特勒的纳粹极权。」

In the early 1980s, Rozin noticed that there was surprisingly little data available on this universal aspect of life. Odd, he thought, that of the six so-called basic emotions — anger, surprise, fear, enjoyment, sadness, disgust — the last had hardly been studied.^^^越普遍嘅嘢越難開始研究

I floss my teeth as an adult because a dentist once told me as a teenager that “Brushing your teeth without flossing is like taking a shower without removing your shoes.”^^^噁心機制確實好有用，效果超羣

Angyal argued that disgust wasn’t strictly sensory. We might experience colors and sounds and tastes and odors as unpleasant, but they could never be disgusting on their own.
Disgust, Angyal contended, wasn’t merely smelling a bad smell; it was a visceral fear of being soiled by the smell. The closer the contact, the stronger the reaction. Angyal’s study is even more delightful when viewed in the context of its preface, which explains that the material is based on observations and conversations “not collected in any formal manner,” and that the method, “if it may be called such,” lacked objectivity and control.

Disgust was unlike the other three responses in one peculiar fashion: It could be motivated primarily by ideational factors — by what a person knew, or thought she knew, about the object at hand.^^^所以話其實冇嘢係天生就核突就令人反感，只不過經過腦嘅想象同聯想嘅結果

In Philadelphia — as in many American cities — there was a problem with kids’ learning to read. Eager to discover why, Rozin parked himself in elementary-school classes and observed something strange: A large number of children were unable to read by second grade, but those same children were always fluent in spoken English. They could name thousands of objects, and they could point to Rozin and ask, “Why is this strange man lurking in my classroom?” Compared with the vast dictionary of words filed neatly in their brains, mastering an alphabet of 26 letters would seem to be a piece of cake. Instead, it was a crisis. With a collaborator, Rozin devised an experimental curriculum that moved children through degrees of linguistic abstraction by teaching them Chinese logographs followed by a Japanese syllabary, and only then applying the same logic to English. Rozin says the system worked like a dream, but the school’s response was tepid.
“The bureaucracy, the politics — I was overwhelmed,” he said. Nothing about the process of pitching and marketing and lobbying appealed to him. He calculated that it would take years to sell administrators on the curriculum and train teachers to deliver it. Instead, he and a colleague wrote several papers with the findings and walked away. “It’s the right way to teach reading,” he said nearly 50 years later, with a shrug. “As far as I know, nothing happened with it.” At the time, he wondered if maybe some other researchers would run with the idea.
^^^interesting，雖然同文章主旨冇乜關係，但都提及呢方面嘅內容就幾得意。抽象嘅語言原來更便於書面文字嘅寫作同閲讀，且教育改革其實係幾難嘅事情

“Part of disgust is the very awareness of being disgusted, the consciousness of itself,” the scholar William Ian Miller wrote in 1997. “Disgust necessarily involves particular thoughts, characteristically very intrusive and unriddable thoughts about the repugnance of that which is its object.” In other words, you can’t be disgusted without knowing that you’re disgusted. Relatedly, there’s no unambiguous evidence that nonhuman animals experience disgust. Distaste, yes. Dislike, yes. But the capacity to be disgusted is, as Miller put it, “human and humanizing.” Those with ultrahigh thresholds are those whom “we think of as belonging to somewhat different categories: protohuman like children, subhuman like the mad or suprahuman like saints.”

If the initial function of disgust was like a piece of caution tape plastered over our mouths, the tape had — over time — wound itself around our other holes (to regulate sexual activity) and our minds (to regulate moral activity). This potency of the emotion is such that a single anecdote can taint an entire presidential campaign.^^^當我哋認為有啲行為or觀念好核突or噁心嘅時候，就知道佢的而且確影響到我哋嘅政治生活

He pointed to the paradox that disgusting things often hold a “curious enticement”.

One of Rozin’s greatest coinages is “benign masochism,” which describes any experience that is pleasurable not despite being unpleasant but because of its unpleasantness.
The idea is that these experiences offer a similar excitement, in that they cause fear or pain or repulsion without posing any real existential threat. Our ability to withstand “safe” menaces yields a gratifying sense of mastery.

^^^只要足夠安全，總會尋求更多嘅情感刺激

My personal mother lode of benign masochism — and perhaps yours, in the near future — is the F.D.A.’s “Food Defect Levels Handbook,” which is designed for food manufacturers but is available online for anyone to browse, which I do often. It outlines the amount of disgusting matter in a given food that will trigger enforcement action — meaning that any less is just fine. Commercially produced peanut butter, the site will tell you, is allowed to contain anything fewer than 30 insect fragments and one rodent hair per 100 grams. A can of mushrooms may house fewer than 20 maggots. Fewer than a quarter of salt-cured olives in a package may be moldy. A clever entrepreneur could establish a weight-loss program entirely on the basis of alerting people to the larvae and dry rot and beetle eggs that adulterate their favorite foods. But who wants to live that way? The best bulwark against disgust — the only bulwark against so much of life’s wretchedness — is, in the end, denial.
^^^笑死，真減肥良方：所有生產嘅食物都有可能有昆蟲、病菌同蟲卵

點解要摷呢篇而唔係2021年嘅呢，主要係想引用呢句「据了解，《金刚川》之后，四、五十部主旋律影片已提上日程，行业头部资源参与制作，将在未来五年内陆续上映。」

有導演就話「哇！牛逼啊，继续努力。除了主旋律电影，其他的院线电影就别拍了，干不过，我们离样板戏一统江湖的时代不远了。」毫不誇張，只不過票房真係唔夠睇，生意慘淡，間中出一部兩部就算了，出得咁頻繁，唔係死忠嘅話都冇可能會睇，不過，冇其他選擇嘅情況下呢，「好日子」仲喺後邊

We need more studies to tell us why. But for young people, computer games, increasing social media use, video games—something is replacing that time. During that period from 2009 to 2018, different types of social media emerged. This is always evolving, especially for younger people.

Sexuality is such an important part of life, and understanding changes that occur matters to how we understand what is shifting about the human experience. We know that sexual activity can help people to relax, fall asleep, reduce stress, feel intimate and connected and thereby improve their relationships—and may even help to boost their immune system. And sex can also just be fun, pleasurable and joyful—a way to express oneself in vulnerable ways. Sexual health is multidimensional and not just about the presence or absence of infections or disease but about the potential for pleasure, access to accurate information about sexuality, bodily autonomy and ability to have sexual experiences that are free from violence or coercion.

^^^值得注意嘅一個現象，而家未有最終嘅結論係乜嘢原因導致，且最後應該都係指向多個因素合力影響

Washington Post: In Africa, drinking water was scarce for them. Now they’re helping fight the global crisis with their own bottles.

As they started settling into their new lives, the water crisis in their home countries loomed large in their minds. Millions of Africans, as well as countless others around the world, lack access to safe drinking water, mainly because of inadequate infrastructure.
That’s why “it’s critical for us to tell our stories,” Jibicho said. “People typically see numbers and they don’t really know what that means. Those numbers are real people.”
^^^numbers are real people，重要嘅事情從不會重複得過多

Didomi works with WaterIsLife, an international nonprofit organization that provides clean drinking water to people around the world. Didomi donates half of its proceeds directly to WaterIsLife, which makes clean water readily available through programs such as building wells and implementing filtration systems in schools and communities.

好多人睇女足睇得好嗨（我都唔例外），但細諗呢個問題，其實答案又唔難得出，有投入，就會有產出，尤其係一啲人哋唔點投入嘅地方；但如果人哋都一樣搞呢，噉事倍功半就顯現出嚟了……

雖然我自己唔睇春晚，但正如作者所講，「我以为我们在进步，可是年复一年，当我收看全国受众最广的官方阖家欢节目，春晚一遍遍地提醒我，女性被歧视被压制仍然是今天的常态。」，所以一直要講，要「較勁」，多啲人睇到，先知道「男女平等」遠遠未達到，「女性聲音」仲好鬼少

都係嗰句，可悲嘅係，魯迅嘅説話遠遠未過時。「自然，在生理和心理上，男女是有差别的；即在同性中，彼此也都不免有些差别，然而地位却应该同等。必须地位同等之后，才会有真的女人和男人，才会消失了叹息和苦痛。」

親子鑑定都可以造假，所以無論大家幾煩都好，都係要講徐州嘅事情，我等緊佢第五份通告。。雖然，可能都唔會有最終結論

好多人都會講到獨立調查記者嘅消失，呢個自然係一個原因，但唔係故事嘅全部。可以話，呢種現象係一個比較普遍存在嘅事實，但問題在於，需要改正嘅事物卻一直保留咗落嚟，why，明明唔道德，明明犯法，like以前嘅報紙：

1951年10月15號，<山东省人民法院滕县分院纠正丰县法院对婚姻案件的错误判决朱树人等滥用职权维护封建婚姻制度应作深刻检讨>就提到徐州豐縣，當時係歸山東管，而家歸江蘇，可見歷史悠久。。呢個先係問題嘅所在，黑手有幾大？你話呢，你話你要唔要關心？佢其實離我哋唔遠，如果我哋唔做嘢，話唔定我哋識嘅人或者身邊嘅人就會出事

非常得意，一位黑客嘅反擊，「落後係要挨打的」

Is the American dream never having to go outside? I thought of this in the long walk through the Bellagio back to my hotel room, which distorted my sense of just where the hell I was; signs led the way to corridors and trams to other hotels, with other restaurants, bars, and casinos I could enjoy without ever having to step onto a street.
I did go outside, because it is one of the great joys of being alive to experience a place you’ve never seen before.
^^^actually, if we feel satisfied with this "easy and convenient" lifestyle, we'll end up losing the oppotunity to see and feel our nearby and the big world.

It’s through a combination of some exploitative labor practices and crafty salesmanship that the idea of cutting labor seems like the natural future for restaurants. During the conference, the ongoing trend of food service workers rethinking jobs that have provided them with low wages and no benefits was euphemistically referred to as things like a “scarcity of drivers,” “labor problems,” and “cost pressures.” And, like with most businesses, workers were mostly framed as a liability rather than an asset. Like, at least Las Vegas is a union town.
At best, drones and apps lead to a sort of fully automated luxury communism, a world in which most labor is automated, leaving humans to leisure and enjoyment. But for that to exist, you need the communism to come before the automation. Apps and automation may create an opportunity for restaurant owners to treat their workers better, but they don’t require it. As it stands, without something like a universal basic income, automation becomes a loophole to pay fewer people. It also assumes restaurant owners would use surplus profits to bolster wages for the remaining workers, which is a bold assumption. While there is evidence that wages are going up for food service workers, it is largely in response to workers refusing to work for anything less, and restaurant owners acquiescing because they need to stay in business. If a restaurant owner decides to pocket the extra cash and pay their workers a minimum wage that is nothing close to a living wage, that’s their choice. The company that lets it deliver food via drone has no skin in that game.
^^^呢個就係最仆街嘅地方。。自動化並不會自動提高工人嘅薪水同待遇，且喺而家嘅普遍情況下係相反，只會變得更加壟斷，帶嚟裁員潮同職員做多咗嘢而冇加錢
只有現下就保障好職員嘅權益，自動化機器化先會令多數人嘅生活更加幸福

算法固然可怕，but法律上織嘅網就更加嚴格同難以脱離，一出事，揾唔到企業去負責。。

sure，註冊成個體户，可以令到騎手攞到更多嘅錢，短期效益確實高啲；但出事嗰陣呢？損失嘅錢多唔知幾多倍。綜合嚟講，就係犧牲咗應對風險嘅補償嚟攞到短期更高嘅薪水，一有事上嚟，邊個企業都唔會幫手。

所以話，將騎手睇成僱員係必須做嘅事情，外國都已經開始噉推行，連uber司機都睇成職員。如果為咗錢可以犧牲長遠嘅保障，噉人只會淪為賺錢嘅工具，失去被當成人嘅體驗

While Edelman found that trust had declined across institutions as a whole, overall there was less faith in government and media, while more people had confidence in businesses and NGOs.
The report authors said that the survey revealed, "a vicious cycle of distrust fuelled by government and media".
"This vicious cycle of distrust threatens societal stability," they said. "It’s a death grip where media is chasing clicks and government is chasing votes, both feeding a cycle of disinformation and division and exploiting it for commercial and political gain."

實在唔係乜嘢好事，儘管由於媒體自由好缺乏，and一些媒體都係有自己嘅私人利益同立場，人如果冇嘢可以相信，噉仲可以信乜嘢呢？

Dr Michael Lewis, a reader from Cardiff University’s school of psychology and an expert in faces, said research carried out before the pandemic had found that medical face masks reduced attractiveness because they were associated with disease or illness.
“We wanted to test whether this had changed since face coverings became ubiquitous and understand whether the type of mask had any effect,” he said.
“Our study suggests faces are considered most attractive when covered by medical face masks. This may be because we’re used to healthcare workers wearing blue masks and now we associate these with people in caring or medical professions. At a time when we feel vulnerable, we may find the wearing of medical masks reassuring and so feel more positive towards the wearer.”

^^^interesting，當戴口罩變得日常時，之前嘅刻板印象or聯想就會消失，從而更加接近人本身處理信息嘅狀態，有所遮擋會畀人想象嘅空間，從而使人變得更吸引

Dinielli went on, “The Justices sit literally above where the lawyers are. For these people to do the job they were tasked with, they have to maintain that level. But this degrades it, mocks it, and threatens it.” He warned, “Since the Court doesn’t have an army, it relies on how it behaves to command respect. Once the veneer cracks, it’s very hard to get it back.”
^^^呢個先係最大嘅問題，漸漸失去緊尊重同信任。政治化嘅味道太濃，就會反噬

講真，呢個問題從我小學講到而家都冇乜改善，好多設施都唔會考慮到殘障人士嘅需求，但佢哋只係想同平常人一樣出街、逛景點、上廁所啫，真係好難做到嗎？出街已經好麻煩，但更危險嗰陣係會出人命！邊個會為此負責？

歐洲都係未能夠話自己獨立應對危機，而美國喺自己利益優先嘅戰略下，可以畀到嘅承諾都越嚟越少
而且德、法、英三方嘅立場同睇法嘅分歧遠未到傾掂嘅地步

而家都只能靠住北約去制約同調解，只係呢種策略仲可以用幾耐？需要打一個大問號

In the meantime, though, the country's experience a century ago suggests that we could be in for a lot more pain - especially if we let our guard down.
The 1918 flu lasted far beyond 1918. Two years after it began, just as officials such as Copeland were declaring victory and cities were easing restrictions, a fourth wave hit parts of the country, bringing punishing caseloads that pushed some hospitals to the brink of collapse and left many more Americans dead.
^^^所以雖然已經好疲倦，但都係要繼續警惕，做好個人衞生，減少不必要嘅社交接觸

Local governments' public health interventions actually may have contributed to the fourth wave by limiting the virus's spread in prior waves. Letting the virus run rampant, however, would not have been advisable either, said Wan Yang, an assistant professor of epidemiology at Columbia University and an author of the paper on New York City influenza mortality. "More infection could also lead to more mutation, so that could generate a new virus variant that can then erode your prior immunity, so it's an interplay depending on how the virus is going to evolve, which is really unpredictable," Yang said.
^^^所以都幾困難，放任完全唔理會係冇可能嘅，呢種係完全唔人道嘅做法，從各方面帶嚟嘅損失都係最大；而管制呢，又唔可以太快鬆懈，雖然後來都會back to normal，但都要謹慎行事以免另一波發生；所以應該一直管制？如果管理嘅係家禽就無所謂，如果係人，就要考慮到人嘅代價，自由嘅代價，被當成人嘅價值

Influenza viruses and coronaviruses are genetically different, so it's not possible to make a one-to-one comparison with the 1918 pandemic. Yang noted that the novel coronavirus appears to mutate far faster than the 1918 influenza virus. Management of the current pandemic also has benefited from many scientific developments that were not available a century ago, including more-sanitary hospital conditions, better access to clean water, and - perhaps what is most notable - a vaccine.
^^^而幸運嘅係，而家有疫苗，可以降低死亡率同感染率，發展仲係向前嘅，所以會有希望

十分地無語。。未經過同行評審嘅論文就可以引起好多人嘅關注，唔該check下其他論文點講。再講，如果真係冇用，噉古代發生瘟疫點解要封城？話影響唔大嘅話根本講唔通

「但是到了1968年，国家安全委员会主席安德罗波夫在呈报苏共中央的报告中说，通过监控发现青年政治思想工作状况不容乐观。许多学生学习马列主义和党史课程纯粹是为了应付考试，在他们眼中高校党的工作者就是一些不学无术，只会对学生进行监督的人。」

「除了开除党籍、公职，收回住房，取消在莫斯科居住的权利之外，甚至还可以用“寄生虫”(不劳而获)的名义把持不同政见者遣送到边远地区管制劳动二到五年，后面更利用精神病迫害持不同政见者或驱逐出境。」

「一批哲学家在给苏共中央的信中写道：“苏维埃国家的历史上，还从未有过作家因撰写和出版(在国内外)反苏维埃、反国家的文艺作品，被控从事反苏维埃、反国家的活动而遭到逮捕和公开审判的情况……此外，就我们所知，在沙皇俄国的历史上和欧、美、亚、非各洲的近现代历史上，也从未有过因在本国或国外撰写和出版反国家的文艺作品，被控从事反国家活动，而遭到逮捕和公开审讯的情况。”」^^^可以話喺呢方面創造力十分犀利

「苏联持不同政见运动面对强大的国家机器压力，几经沉浮，但一直没有中断，这说明它有深刻的社会基础，是苏联社会病态的自然产物，并不像苏联当局所说的那样是西方颠覆苏联社会主义的结果。」^^^問題一日存在，去解決提出問題嘅人，係唔work嘅；但政權會覺得自己做到嘢，「睇，好彩搞咗咁多人，否則我哋嘅危機就更大了」

講起洗腦，就諗起「鼓掌機器」，順便睇下其他作品，藝術係充滿希望的！想象無限，期待22年嘅作品

「还有一篇文章是谈讽刺文学，讽刺文学是作家关心社会的一个尺度，也是检验政府是否开明的一个尺度。现在政权这么稳固，何必害怕讽刺。」^^^所以係咪真係咁穩固呢？

「民盟开会我是不去参加了，政协开会我也不去，去就是干这个，（他比划了一个举手的动作）有什么意思。」^^^以前有舉手機器，而家有鼓掌通過，時代的確進步緊

「有些人在“读书人”和“知识分子”之间划等号，认为凡是受过教育的，就都是知识分子。所以还有大、中、小之分。我认为读书人（包括专家学者）与知识分子不是同义语。文盲当然不可能是知识分子。知识分子必须读过书。然而光闭门读书（或埋头作试验），不问世事，那仅是读书人（或各科专家），但还不就是知识分子。
知识分子当然首先必须是读书人。那样，他才有条件看书，看报，了解世事。但是，他除了自己的专业之外，还必须关心国内外大事，并有自己的见解。有时，在一定场合，甚至还会表达出来。这就是他不同于读书人之处。若把国家比作一条船，船上有众多划船手。其中，作为知识分子就得一边划，一边还高瞻远瞩，留意船的走向。
一个国家需要成亿的读书人（包括专家学者），他们当然是靠山，是骨干。知识分子只能是其中的少数。而且由于好多言多语，还是掌舵者不大欢迎的少数。
以50年代而论，从胡风到57年的右派，就都是些不安于光当读书人的生活干预者。知识分子虽然有时可能使当权者感到碍手碍脚，其实，从长远看，对国家只会有好处。倘若依照林彪，都成了盲目的歌德派，没有舆论，只有公告，国家势必死气沉沉，甚至走向灭亡。
百家争鸣是盛世景象，一家独鸣结局总不美妙。」

How Telegram Became the Anti-Facebook

Tg嘅使用率肉眼可見地不斷增長，反映到人們厭倦Facebook、Twitter之類嘅審查

但Tg的確係有潛在風險：唔似signal默認加密通訊，只能期望"angel"唔"fallen"

不過今日發現呢，Tg對中文嘅搜索變好咗，之前係用tag#先查到，而家輸入關鍵詞就可以了

但係呢，唔審查好似都一樣有問題：歌手抗議有misinformation資訊嘅欄目

就，幾頭痕（我自己其實更傾向於少啲審查，平台只要做好提示：不對節目內容嘅真實性同科學性負責就得了，一參與審查就會變得好麻煩，除非係一啲大家都贊成嘅內容，like宣揚納粹、恐怖主義、未成年色情等等

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